Thoughts, Literature and Monasteries in Earlier Buddhism

The book is organized into ten chapters. Chapter I studies the teachings of the Buddha, including the basic problem of suffering, the philosophical standpoints of the Buddha, the logic used to solve Buddhist philosophical problems, nirvāṇa as the ideal, and the effect of the Buddha’s teaching. Chapter II examines different versions and interpretations of the Buddha’s teachings, the evidence for doctrinal change, the causes of these changes, and the rise of so-called Hīnayāna Buddhism. Chapter III discusses “Buddhism of Acts,” including philosophical problems in new Buddhism, disciplinary philosophy, the origin of the four or eight pains, nothingness as an ideal, and the strengths and weaknesses of this development. Chapter IV analyzes the compilation of the original Buddhist scriptures, the First Council at Rājagaha, changes in the original sūtras or suttas, and the completion of the four Āgamas or five Nikāyas. Chapter V treats the schism in Buddhism and the division between Theravāda and Mahāsāṃghika schools. Chapter VI gives a general view of early Buddhist monasteries, including Vinaya compilation, monastic organization, observances, food, clothing, habitation, rules, and punishments. Chapter VII studies the rise and character of Abhidhamma literature. Chapter VIII explains Buddhist cosmography. Chapter IX examines Sarvāstivāda Buddhism, its Abhidharma texts, characteristic doctrines, developments, and logical difficulties. Chapter X discusses Buddhist schools related to the Mahāsāṃghika and related traditions.